Historic landmarks in Istanbul

Celebrated for being one of the few cities in the world to span two continents, Istanbul is a place where history, culture, and architecture come together in truly spectacular fashion. Travellers from around the world are drawn here to experience its unique blend of East and West, sample mouthwatering cuisine, and explore its rich tapestry of cultural treasures. The heart of the city lies within the historic Sultanahmet, where many of Istanbul’s most iconic landmarks can be found, including the Hagia Sophia, the Blue Mosque, Topkapi Palace, and the ancient Hippodrome. Collectively recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, these historic areas showcase the city’s layered past. However, this is not all that the city has to offer for tourists. From majestic mosques and lavish palaces to bustling bazaars and crumbling Roman ruins, a trip to Istanbul promises an unforgettable journey through time. Here, we explore some of the city’s most iconic and historically significant landmarks.

Easily recognisable by its large central dome, intricate mosaics, and delicate stonework, the Hagia Sophia stands as one of Istanbul’s most iconic landmarks. The current structure, commissioned by Emperor Justinian I and completed in 537 AD, is the third to be built on this site. Before this, the two churches that stood in its place were destroyed during periods of unrest. Over the centuries, Hagia Sophia has served as a cathedral, a mosque, and a museum, each of which has contributed to its rich cultural and religious legacy. Today, it is considered to be a powerful symbol of the meeting point between Eastern and Western traditions. 

The Blue Mosque is another one of Turkey’s most famous monuments. Officially known as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, it earns its popular nickname from the striking blue hues that decorate its interior. Thousands of handmade Iznik tiles, adorned with intricate floral motifs, cover the walls, creating a mesmerising effect. The upper levels are also painted in shades of blue, which enhances the tranquil atmosphere and lends the mosque its distinctive name. Commissioned by Sultan Ahmed I and completed in 1616, many suggest that the mosque was built to assert Ottoman power and rival the grandeur of nearby Hagia Sophia.

Built in 1348, the Galata Tower once dominated Istanbul’s skyline and held the title of the city’s tallest structure for centuries. Situated in the heart of Beyoğlu, a vibrant and historic district, it’s now a popular tourist hotspot, offering sweeping views from its upper balcony. Despite its iconic status, the tower has a turbulent past and has undergone several restorations. In an ironic twist, it was severely damaged by a fire in 1794 while serving as a fire watchtower, its wooden and lead roof being dangerously flammable. Another blaze followed in 1831, and in 1875, a powerful storm tore off its distinctive conical roof. The feature wasn’t restored until the 1960s, when the tower reopened to the public and began a new chapter as one of Istanbul’s most beloved landmarks. 

As one of the largest and oldest covered markets in the world, Istanbul’s Grand Bazaar offers a sensory experience like no other. Bustling with life and colour, it draws visitors from across the globe in search of unique treasures and souvenirs. Wander through its maze-like alleys, soaking up the lively atmosphere and the art of bartering as you pass stalls brimming with hand-painted ceramics, intricately detailed oil lamps and lanterns, rich textiles, glittering jewellery, and fragrant spices. You’ll also find Turkish coffee, delightfully sweet treats, and a host of other local delicacies. Entirely enclosed, the market was designed to shield traders and their goods from the elements and to help protect against the risk of theft. 

The Spice Bazaar, also known as the Egyptian Bazaar, is a vibrant Ottoman-era marketplace that attracts thousands of tourists and locals alike each day. It was first constructed in the 1660s as part of the New Mosque complex in the Eminönü district. While it's best known for its colourful and aromatic array of spices, the market offers much more. Stalls brim with caviar, dried herbs, honey, nuts, and dried fruits, alongside fresh produce like cheese. Turkish coffee, Turkish delight, and a variety of other trinkets can also be found throughout the market, making it a great place to explore the sights, smells, and tastes of Istanbul. 

Tucked beneath the streets of Istanbul, the Basilica Cistern is widely regarded as one of the city’s most intriguing historical sites. Built in the 6th century during the reign of Emperor Justinian I, it was originally designed to supply water to the Great Palace of Constantinople. Inside, you’ll find a vast underground chamber supported by 336 marble columns, many of which are beautifully lit to highlight their intricate details. Some are believed to have been repurposed from ancient temples, offering a glimpse into the craftsmanship of Roman engineering. In addition to being an architectural marvel with a rich history, the cistern is cool and atmospheric, offering a welcoming escape from the heat during Istanbul’s warmer months. 

Once the opulent heart of the Ottoman Empire, Topkapi Palace is another of Istanbul’s impressive historical landmarks. Built in the 15th century by Sultan Mehmed II, the palace served as the residence of Ottoman sultans for nearly 400 years. Today, it’s a popular museum showcasing a remarkable collection of imperial treasures, religious relics, and ornate rooms that offer a glimpse into royal life. Set on a hill overlooking the Bosphorus, the palace also offers breathtaking views, making it just as impressive from the outside as it is within.

The Hippodrome of Constantinople, now known as Sultanahmet Square, was once the social and sporting heart of the Byzantine Empire. It was once a grand arena used for chariot races, public events, and imperial ceremonies. While much of the original structure has been lost to time, several key monuments still stand as a reminder of its former glory. These include the Obelisk of Theodosius, brought from Egypt, the Serpent Column from Delphi, and the Walled Obelisk—all of which once lined the centre of the racetrack. Today, the area remains a vibrant public space, surrounded by some of Istanbul’s most iconic landmarks, and offers a fascinating glimpse into the city’s ancient past.

The Kariye Mosque, formerly known as the Chora Church, is a hidden gem tucked away in the Edirnekapı neighbourhood and offers a quieter, yet equally fascinating, alternative to some of Istanbul’s more crowded attractions. Originally built as a Byzantine church, it later served as a mosque, became a museum, and was recently reconverted into a mosque. Though modest in size, it’s celebrated for its breathtaking interior, which features some of the finest surviving examples of late Byzantine mosaics and paintings.